Together with incomplete educational work on a resume requires a strategic method. Usually, this includes itemizing the establishment’s identify, this system of examine, and the dates of attendance. Optionally, related coursework, particularly if it aligns with the goal job, can be included. For instance, an applicant pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Pc Science may listing related coursework resembling “Knowledge Constructions and Algorithms” or “Object-Oriented Programming.” As an alternative of utilizing the time period “unfinished” or “incomplete,” one may use “in progress” or listing the anticipated completion date.
Presenting partial educational credentials successfully can display dedication to schooling and spotlight acquired expertise and information. It supplies context for profession development and gives potential employers a clearer image of an applicant’s {qualifications}. Traditionally, omitting incomplete schooling was widespread apply. Nevertheless, as lifelong studying and non-traditional academic paths develop into extra prevalent, acknowledging ongoing academic pursuits has develop into more and more accepted and even inspired, particularly when accompanied by related expertise and expertise.
This text will discover varied strategies for representing incomplete faculty schooling on a resume. Particular examples and formatting recommendations will probably be supplied for various academic ranges, from affiliate levels to doctoral packages. Moreover, steerage will probably be provided on tailoring the presentation of educational historical past to particular job purposes and industries.
1. Establishment Title
The inclusion of the establishment’s identify when itemizing an unfinished diploma on a resume holds vital weight. It supplies context and credibility, permitting potential employers to evaluate the educational setting and potential rigor of this system. Omitting this info can increase questions and probably diminish the perceived worth of the unfinished schooling.
-
Verification and Credibility
Together with the establishment’s identify permits for verification of attendance and program particulars. Respected establishments lend credibility to the applicant’s educational pursuits, even when the diploma is just not but accomplished. That is particularly necessary for establishments with specialised accreditation or famend packages. For example, itemizing “Massachusetts Institute of Expertise” carries extra weight than an unknown or unaccredited establishment, even for an unfinished diploma.
-
Program Recognition
The establishment’s identify usually signifies the standard and focus of particular packages. Employers accustomed to explicit establishments might readily perceive the curriculum and skillset related to their packages. For instance, a candidate itemizing an unfinished diploma in engineering from a identified engineering college instantly communicates a selected stage of technical coaching, even with out completion.
-
Geographic Context
The establishment’s location can present geographic context related to the job utility. This may be significantly advantageous for roles requiring native information or connections. Attending an area college, even with out finishing the diploma, can display established ties to the neighborhood.
-
Transparency and Professionalism
Together with the establishment’s identify demonstrates transparency and professionalism. Brazenly acknowledging unfinished schooling, together with the related institutional context, fosters belief and avoids potential misconceptions. It indicators a willingness to be upfront about educational historical past and might positively impression an employer’s notion of the candidate’s integrity.
Clearly stating the establishment’s identify, mixed with different particulars like this system of examine and dates of attendance, strengthens the presentation of unfinished academic credentials. It supplies important context for employers to guage the applicant’s {qualifications} and contributes to a extra complete {and professional} resume.
2. Dates Attended
Correct illustration of attendance dates is a important element when together with an unfinished diploma on a resume. These dates present context in the course of examine and assist potential employers perceive the timeline of educational pursuits. Exact date ranges display consideration to element and dedication to precisely representing educational historical past, even when incomplete.
-
Transparency and Honesty
Offering correct begin and finish datesor a begin date and “Current” if nonetheless enrolleddemonstrates transparency. This method avoids any potential misinterpretations concerning the length of examine and displays positively on the candidate’s integrity. Omitting finish dates for unfinished levels could possibly be misconstrued as an try to obscure educational historical past.
-
Context for Ability Improvement
Dates attended present context for the timeframe inside which expertise and information have been acquired. For example, a candidate who attended a pc science program for 2 years doubtless possesses a unique talent set than somebody who attended for less than six months. This permits employers to gauge the depth of information gained.
-
Profession Development Narrative
Attendance dates contribute to the general profession narrative introduced on the resume. They present how academic pursuits match throughout the broader profession timeline and might spotlight dedication to skilled improvement, even and not using a accomplished diploma. That is significantly related for profession changers or these returning to schooling after a interval of employment.
-
Hole Clarification
Together with dates of attendance for unfinished levels may help clarify gaps in employment historical past. This demonstrates proactive engagement in schooling and supplies a transparent account of actions in periods with out formal employment. It reveals a dedication to steady studying and self-improvement.
Exact and sincere illustration of attendance dates for unfinished levels strengthens a resume’s credibility and supplies useful context for potential employers. This info contributes to a extra full image of the candidate’s {qualifications} and demonstrates a dedication to correct self-representation.
3. Diploma Program
Specifying the diploma program pursued is crucial when together with unfinished increased schooling on a resume. This clarifies the sphere of examine and permits potential employers to evaluate the relevance of acquired information and expertise to the goal place. Clear articulation of the diploma program, even when incomplete, supplies essential context for evaluating a candidate’s {qualifications}.
-
Relevance to Goal Roles
The diploma program’s relevance to the specified job considerably impacts its inclusion and presentation on a resume. For instance, an unfinished Bachelor of Science in Nursing holds higher relevance for a healthcare function than an unfinished Bachelor of Arts in Historical past. Highlighting this connection strengthens the appliance by demonstrating a targeted pursuit of related information and expertise.
-
Readability of Tutorial Focus
Together with the precise program identify clarifies the world of specialization inside a broader area. For example, “Mechanical Engineering” supplies extra particular info than merely “Engineering.” This permits employers to rapidly perceive the candidate’s educational focus and assess alignment with job necessities.
-
Skillset Implication
The diploma program usually implies a selected skillset, even when incomplete. A candidate pursuing a level in Pc Science, for example, doubtless possesses programming expertise, even with out commencement. This permits employers to deduce potential competencies primarily based on the chosen area of examine.
-
Future Profession Trajectory
The diploma program signifies meant profession trajectory and demonstrates dedication to skilled improvement. This info could be useful for employers searching for candidates with clear profession targets and a dedication to steady studying, even when the formal academic journey is just not but full.
Clearly stating the diploma program on a resume, significantly for unfinished levels, enhances an applicant’s profile by demonstrating a targeted educational path and offering useful context for potential employers. This readability permits for a extra correct evaluation of expertise, information, and profession aspirations, strengthening the general impression conveyed by the resume.
4. Related Coursework
Itemizing related coursework strengthens the presentation of an unfinished diploma on a resume. This apply supplies concrete proof of acquired expertise and information immediately relevant to the goal place. By showcasing particular coursework, candidates display a proactive method to skilled improvement and provide employers tangible examples of their capabilities. Trigger and impact are immediately linked: itemizing related coursework can result in elevated consideration for a place because of the clear demonstration of relevant expertise. For instance, a candidate pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Knowledge Science may listing programs like “Machine Studying” or “Database Administration” when making use of for knowledge analyst roles. Omitting such particulars can diminish the perceived worth of the unfinished diploma.
The significance of related coursework stems from its capacity to bridge the hole between incomplete formal schooling and sensible job necessities. It gives a glimpse into the precise expertise developed in the course of the unfinished program, permitting employers to evaluate potential contributions to their organizations. Actual-life examples display this connection. A candidate with an unfinished diploma in software program engineering can listing coursework in “Object-Oriented Programming” or “Software program Testing” to sign proficiency related to software program improvement roles. Equally, a candidate pursuing a enterprise diploma can showcase coursework in “Monetary Accounting” or “Advertising and marketing Administration” when concentrating on roles in finance or advertising. This focused method enhances resume impression and strengthens candidacy.
Understanding the sensible significance of showcasing related coursework empowers candidates to current their unfinished levels strategically. This apply transforms potential weaknesses into demonstrable strengths, showcasing acquired expertise and information regardless of the dearth of formal diploma completion. Challenges might embody deciding which programs are most related. Focus must be positioned on programs immediately relevant to the goal roles and business. By rigorously curating listed coursework, candidates can successfully talk their worth proposition and enhance their probabilities of securing desired positions, regardless of having unfinished levels.
5. “In Progress” Standing
Utilizing “In Progress” to indicate an unfinished diploma gives an expert and concise method to signify ongoing educational pursuits on a resume. This method replaces probably unfavourable terminology like “incomplete” or “unfinished” with a proactive and forward-looking phrase. The cause-and-effect relationship is evident: utilizing “In Progress” indicators continued dedication to schooling, probably growing a candidate’s enchantment to employers who worth steady studying. As a important element of presenting unfinished schooling, “In Progress” standing clarifies present educational standing with out requiring extreme rationalization. For example, itemizing “Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (In Progress)” clearly communicates the candidate’s pursuit of this diploma with out implying incompletion as a unfavourable attribute.
Actual-life examples illustrate the sensible significance of this method. A candidate making use of for an internship whereas pursuing a Bachelor’s diploma in Advertising and marketing may listing “Bachelor of Arts in Advertising and marketing (In Progress)” to display related educational pursuits alongside sensible expertise. Equally, somebody searching for a undertaking administration function whereas finishing a Grasp’s in Enterprise Administration may embody “Grasp of Enterprise Administration (In Progress)” to focus on superior research related to the specified place. These examples display how “In Progress” clarifies educational standing with out diminishing the worth of ongoing schooling. Furthermore, it permits candidates to showcase their dedication to skilled improvement and aligns with the development of lifelong studying valued by many employers.
Strategic use of “In Progress” standing enhances a resume by presenting unfinished schooling positively and professionally. It gives a concise but informative method, eliminating the necessity for probably unfavourable terminology and emphasizing the continued nature of educational pursuits. Whereas together with an anticipated completion date can additional strengthen this presentation, the core worth of “In Progress” lies in its capacity to rework a possible resume weak spot into an asset, reflecting dedication to steady enchancment and profession development. One problem is guaranteeing correct illustration. “In Progress” ought to solely be used for actively pursued levels. Discontinued packages require totally different phrasing, emphasizing accomplished coursework and bought expertise. Correct illustration maintains resume integrity and builds belief with potential employers.
6. Anticipated Completion Date
Together with an anticipated completion date when itemizing an unfinished diploma supplies useful context for potential employers. This info clarifies the anticipated timeline for diploma attainment and demonstrates dedication to ending the academic program. It permits employers to evaluate the candidate’s short-term educational plans and gauge potential availability for full-time employment or additional profession improvement alternatives. Omitting this element can result in assumptions and probably increase considerations concerning the candidate’s dedication to finishing their schooling.
-
Transparency and Planning
Offering an anticipated completion date demonstrates transparency and proactive planning. It indicators that the candidate has a transparent timeline for his or her educational pursuits and is actively working in direction of diploma completion. For instance, together with “Anticipated Completion: Might 2024” alongside an unfinished diploma reveals dedication and permits employers to anticipate the candidate’s full qualification standing.
-
Future Availability
The anticipated completion date informs employers concerning the candidate’s potential future availability for full-time employment or different alternatives. That is significantly related for internships or part-time roles the place the candidate anticipates transitioning to full-time work upon commencement. A transparent completion date assists employers in workforce planning and expertise acquisition methods.
-
Dedication to Completion
Together with the anticipated completion date reinforces the candidate’s dedication to ending the diploma. It suggests lively engagement in coursework and a dedication to reaching educational targets. This may be significantly necessary for candidates who’ve taken breaks of their schooling or are pursuing non-traditional academic paths.
-
Professionalism and Proactiveness
Offering an anticipated completion date displays professionalism and proactiveness. It demonstrates an understanding of the significance of offering related info to potential employers and permits for extra knowledgeable decision-making. This proactive method can positively affect an employer’s notion of the candidate’s organizational expertise and dedication to their profession improvement.
Strategic inclusion of the anticipated completion date strengthens the presentation of an unfinished diploma. This apply enhances transparency, demonstrates dedication, and supplies useful context for potential employers, in the end contributing to a extra compelling and informative resume. Nevertheless, accuracy is essential. Itemizing an unrealistic or inaccurate date can undermine credibility. Candidates ought to solely present dates they will confidently meet primarily based on present educational progress and program necessities. This ensures honesty and maintains skilled integrity all through the appliance course of.
7. Keep away from “Unfinished/Incomplete”
Phrase selection considerably impacts how potential employers understand academic credentials, particularly when coping with unfinished levels. Utilizing phrases like “unfinished” or “incomplete” can carry unfavourable connotations, suggesting an absence of follow-through or dedication. Strategically selecting various phrasing is essential for presenting ongoing educational pursuits positively and professionally throughout the context of resume development. This part explores the significance of avoiding such terminology and gives efficient options for framing unfinished levels.
-
Constructive Framing
Framing incomplete schooling positively emphasizes steady studying and bought expertise relatively than specializing in the absence of a proper diploma. Utilizing phrases like “In Progress” or specifying the anticipated completion date shifts the main target from incompletion to ongoing progress. For example, “Bachelor of Arts in Economics (In Progress)” presents the pursuit of the diploma as an lively endeavor relatively than a stalled effort. This constructive framing can considerably affect employer notion.
-
Deal with Achieved Milestones
Highlighting accomplished coursework and achieved milestones throughout the unfinished diploma program showcases acquired information and expertise. As an alternative of labeling the diploma as “incomplete,” itemizing related coursework like “Knowledge Evaluation” or “Challenge Administration” demonstrates tangible achievements and their applicability to potential job roles. This method shifts consideration towards demonstrable expertise gained in the course of the academic journey.
-
Professionalism and Confidence
Avoiding unfavourable terminology displays professionalism and confidence in presenting one’s educational historical past. Utilizing impartial language like ” coursework accomplished” or specifying the variety of credit earned gives a factual illustration of educational progress with out implying failure or incompletion. This method maintains an expert tone and avoids probably unfavourable interpretations by potential employers.
-
Contextualization inside Profession Narrative
Integrating the unfinished diploma throughout the broader profession narrative on the resume supplies context and demonstrates dedication to skilled improvement. Explaining the explanations for pursuing the diploma and its relevance to profession targets can mitigate potential considerations about incompletion. For instance, a profession changer pursuing a related diploma can clarify the way it aligns with their new profession path, showcasing a proactive method to talent improvement and profession transition.
Efficiently navigating the complexities of presenting unfinished levels on a resume requires cautious consideration of language and framing. Avoiding phrases like “unfinished” or “incomplete” and specializing in constructive features, achieved milestones, and general profession narrative permits candidates to current their academic background strategically, emphasizing steady studying and bought expertise. This method strengthens the resume’s impression and will increase the chance of securing desired positions, even and not using a accomplished diploma. Moreover, this technique aligns with the growing emphasis on lifelong studying {and professional} improvement in right this moment’s job market.
8. Tailor to Job Description
Presenting an unfinished diploma successfully on a resume requires cautious tailoring to every particular job description. This strategic method maximizes relevance and demonstrates a transparent understanding of the specified {qualifications}. Generic displays of educational historical past can diminish impression, whereas a tailor-made method showcases how acquired expertise and information, even from an incomplete diploma, align with the goal function’s necessities. This customization is essential for conveying the worth proposition provided by the candidate.
-
Highlighting Related Coursework
Candidates ought to emphasize coursework immediately relevant to the precise job necessities. For a software program improvement function, itemizing coursework in “Object-Oriented Programming” or “Knowledge Constructions and Algorithms” holds higher relevance than unrelated topics. This focused method demonstrates relevant expertise and information regardless of the unfinished diploma standing. Actual-life examples embody a candidate making use of for a advertising function emphasizing coursework in “Digital Advertising and marketing” or “Shopper Habits” whereas omitting much less related topics like “Statistics” or “Calculus,” even when a part of the identical unfinished diploma program.
-
Quantifying Achievements When Attainable
Every time doable, quantifying achievements inside related coursework strengthens the presentation. As an alternative of merely itemizing “Challenge Administration,” a candidate may state “Led a staff of 5 in growing a undertaking administration software program utility, leading to a 15% enchancment in staff effectivity.” This quantifiable achievement demonstrates sensible utility of information and tangible outcomes, including worth to the unfinished diploma. For instance, an applicant for an information evaluation function may quantify their expertise in a related course by stating “Analyzed a dataset of 10,000 buyer information, figuring out key traits and contributing to a 5% enhance in gross sales conversions.” This provides weight to the unfinished diploma by showcasing sensible utility of analytical expertise.
-
Omitting Irrelevant Data
Whereas transparency is necessary, omitting irrelevant educational particulars streamlines the resume and focuses consideration on related {qualifications}. If a job description emphasizes technical expertise, itemizing coursework in unrelated fields can dilute the impression. Focus ought to stay on demonstrating how the unfinished diploma contributes to the precise expertise required for the goal function. A candidate making use of for a technical writing place, for instance, ought to emphasize coursework in technical communication and writing, omitting unrelated programs like superior calculus, even when a part of the identical unfinished diploma program.
-
Utilizing Key phrases from the Job Description
Mirroring key phrases from the job description within the presentation of the unfinished diploma strengthens relevance and improves the probabilities of passing automated resume screening methods. If a job description mentions “knowledge evaluation” repeatedly, incorporating this phrase when describing related coursework throughout the unfinished diploma program can improve visibility and display alignment with the required talent set. Equally, utilizing phrases like “undertaking administration” or “staff management” when describing related coursework reinforces alignment with these particular expertise sought by the employer.
Tailoring the presentation of an unfinished diploma to every job description transforms potential resume weaknesses into demonstrable strengths. By highlighting related coursework, quantifying achievements, omitting irrelevant particulars, and utilizing key phrases strategically, candidates successfully talk their worth proposition and enhance their probabilities of securing interviews. This tailor-made method showcases how acquired expertise and information, even from an incomplete diploma, immediately align with the precise necessities of every goal function, in the end strengthening the general utility.
9. Be Sincere and Correct
Accuracy and honesty are paramount when presenting unfinished levels on a resume. Misrepresenting educational credentials can have severe penalties, damaging credibility and jeopardizing future employment alternatives. This precept immediately impacts how academic info is introduced, emphasizing truthful illustration of coursework, dates of attendance, and program particulars. Trigger and impact are immediately linked: honesty builds belief with potential employers, whereas dishonesty can result in disqualification and even job termination if found later. The significance of this element can’t be overstated; it varieties the moral basis for presenting educational historical past.
Actual-life examples illustrate the sensible significance of this precept. Inflating accomplished coursework inside an unfinished diploma program can create discrepancies simply found throughout background checks. Equally, misrepresenting the kind of diploma pursued or falsely claiming commencement can result in reputational injury and authorized repercussions. Conversely, truthfully presenting an unfinished Bachelor of Science in Pc Science with related coursework in “Knowledge Constructions and Algorithms,” even with out commencement, can display useful expertise and information. One other instance includes precisely representing the dates of attendance, even when it reveals a break in research. This honesty demonstrates transparency and permits candidates to handle potential considerations proactively throughout interviews. Such forthrightness can construct belief and differentiate a candidate from those that may try to hide gaps of their educational historical past.
Correct and sincere illustration of unfinished levels varieties the cornerstone of a reliable {and professional} resume. Whereas challenges might come up in deciding how a lot element to incorporate, prioritizing honesty ensures moral illustration and avoids potential pitfalls. This precept reinforces the significance of integrity in all features of the job utility course of, constructing a basis of belief with potential employers. Lengthy-term profession success hinges on constructing a popularity of integrity and honesty, beginning with the correct illustration of educational credentials.
Steadily Requested Questions
Addressing widespread queries concerning the inclusion of unfinished levels on resumes can present readability and alleviate considerations. The next FAQs provide sensible steerage for navigating this side of resume development.
Query 1: Is it ever acceptable to omit an unfinished diploma from a resume?
Whereas transparency is usually advisable, omitting an unfinished diploma could be thought-about whether it is totally unrelated to the goal place and together with it provides no worth to the appliance. For instance, an unfinished diploma in high quality arts could be omitted when making use of for a software program engineering function.
Query 2: How ought to one deal with an unfinished diploma that was discontinued a number of years in the past?
Deal with accomplished coursework and bought expertise relatively than presenting it as an ongoing diploma. Record the establishment, dates of attendance, and any related coursework accomplished. Keep away from utilizing “In Progress” and as an alternative quantify accomplished credit or coursework.
Query 3: What if the explanation for not finishing the diploma is delicate, resembling private sickness or household emergencies?
Addressing delicate circumstances requires cautious consideration. Whereas optionally available, a short, skilled rationalization could be supplied within the cowl letter or throughout an interview if deemed needed. Deal with the constructive features of returning to schooling or the talents gained in the course of the interval of examine.
Query 4: Ought to one embody an unfinished diploma if it is from a much less prestigious or unaccredited establishment?
Transparency stays necessary. Embrace the establishment’s identify, dates of attendance, and related coursework. Deal with the acquired expertise and information relatively than the establishment’s popularity. If related coursework aligns strongly with the goal function, the establishment’s status turns into much less important.
Query 5: How ought to a number of unfinished levels be introduced on a resume?
Record every unfinished diploma individually, following the advisable format of establishment identify, dates attended, program identify, and related coursework. Prioritize levels most related to the goal function and take into account omitting much less related or considerably older unfinished packages if house is restricted.
Query 6: How does the presentation of an unfinished diploma differ for various profession ranges (entry-level vs. skilled professionals)?
For entry-level candidates, highlighting related coursework and expertise gained by means of the unfinished diploma is essential. Skilled professionals may prioritize accomplished levels {and professional} expertise, probably inserting the unfinished diploma in a much less outstanding part of the resume or omitting it if unrelated to their present profession path.
Presenting unfinished levels successfully requires cautious consideration of context, relevance, and honesty. Prioritizing transparency and specializing in acquired expertise and information permits candidates to showcase their {qualifications} successfully, even with out formal diploma completion.
The following part will provide particular examples and templates demonstrating methods to format and incorporate unfinished levels successfully inside varied resume constructions.
Ideas for Presenting Incomplete Schooling on a Resume
Strategic presentation of incomplete levels maximizes resume impression. The next ideas present sensible steerage for successfully incorporating ongoing educational pursuits.
Tip 1: Prioritize Relevance: Deal with educational experiences immediately associated to the goal place. If a job description emphasizes knowledge evaluation expertise, prioritize itemizing coursework in statistics and knowledge mining, even when different coursework throughout the unfinished diploma appears much less related.
Tip 2: Quantify Achievements: Every time doable, quantify accomplishments inside related coursework. As an alternative of stating “Accomplished coursework in undertaking administration,” take into account phrasing like “Led a staff of 4 in growing a undertaking timeline, leading to a ten% discount in undertaking completion time.” Quantifiable achievements display sensible utility of expertise realized.
Tip 3: Use Motion Verbs: Start descriptions of coursework with motion verbs to showcase lively studying and talent improvement. Examples embody: “Analyzed,” “Developed,” “Carried out,” “Managed,” “Researched.” This creates a extra dynamic and impactful presentation of educational expertise.
Tip 4: Keep Consistency: Guarantee constant formatting all through the resume’s schooling part. Use the identical format for itemizing establishments, dates, and diploma packages, no matter completion standing. This maintains an expert and arranged look.
Tip 5: Be Concise and Targeted: Keep away from prolonged explanations or justifications for not finishing the diploma. Deal with showcasing acquired expertise and information related to the goal function. Conciseness retains the resume targeted and simple to learn.
Tip 6: Take into account Placement: If skilled expertise is substantial and immediately related to the goal function, take into account inserting the schooling part after the expertise part. This emphasizes sensible expertise whereas nonetheless offering related educational context.
Tip 7: Proofread Fastidiously: Errors within the schooling part, particularly concerning unfinished levels, can increase considerations about consideration to element. Completely proofread all info to make sure accuracy and professionalism.
By implementing the following tips, candidates can successfully talk the worth of their educational pursuits, even when levels stay incomplete. This strategic method ensures that resumes emphasize related expertise and information, maximizing impression and growing alternatives for profession development.
The next part concludes this text by summarizing key takeaways and providing last suggestions for successfully incorporating unfinished levels right into a complete and compelling resume.
Conclusion
Efficiently navigating the nuances of representing incomplete educational work on a resume requires a strategic and considerate method. This text explored important features of this course of, emphasizing the significance of correct and sincere illustration. Key takeaways embody prioritizing relevance by tailoring the presentation to every goal function, quantifying achievements inside related coursework, utilizing motion verbs to showcase lively studying, and sustaining constant formatting all through the resume. Moreover, the strategic use of “In Progress” standing, correct reporting of attendance dates, and cautious consideration of whether or not to incorporate an anticipated completion date contribute considerably to a constructive {and professional} presentation of unfinished educational pursuits.
Efficient communication of ongoing academic endeavors demonstrates dedication to steady studying {and professional} improvement. By adhering to the rules and proposals outlined on this article, candidates can leverage their educational experiences, even when incomplete, to strengthen their resumes and enhance their prospects for profession development. A well-crafted presentation of unfinished levels transforms potential weaknesses into demonstrable strengths, showcasing acquired expertise, information, and a dedication to lifelong studying.